ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯟꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯉꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ, ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦ.ꯁꯤ.(ꯑꯂꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ)ꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤ.ꯁꯤ.(ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ)ꯒꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯂꯀꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯨꯂꯥ, r=v/i, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ R ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁ, v ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ i ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ: ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥꯔ

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯁꯀꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕꯗꯒꯤꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯤꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯃꯨꯚꯃꯦꯟꯇꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯁꯟ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯂꯧ꯫ ꯑꯣꯂꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯅꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯅꯥꯔꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯞ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯐꯦꯖꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫

ꯏꯝꯄꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ: ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ

ꯏꯝꯄꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯈꯛꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯟꯁꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫

ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯦ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯇꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯟ, ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯃꯈꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯈꯉꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯅꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯏ꯫

ꯏꯝꯄꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯂꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯐꯤꯒꯔ 1ꯗꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ R1, R2 ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, R1ꯅꯥ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ R2ꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯐꯔ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯗꯕꯜ-ꯂꯦꯌꯥꯔ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯛ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯄꯅꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ, ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯗꯦ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯥ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯔꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯟꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯐꯤꯒꯔ ꯱: ꯂꯤꯗ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ

ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯥ

ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ	ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ (ꯑꯥꯔ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫	ꯏꯝꯄꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ (z) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯝ.
ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ	ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ (DC)ꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫	ꯑꯣꯜꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ (AC)ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫
ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ .	ꯑꯣꯂꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ (AC) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ (DC) ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯥꯔꯕꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫	ꯑꯣꯂꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ (ꯑꯦ.ꯁꯤ.) ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯛꯂꯨꯁꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ, ꯗꯤ.ꯁꯤ.
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ	ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯄꯅꯤ꯫	ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯕꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ꯫
ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯃꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ .	ꯗꯦꯐꯤꯅꯤꯇꯤꯚ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ, ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, 5.3 ꯑꯣꯝ.	ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯃꯥꯖꯤꯅꯦꯔꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ‘ꯑꯥꯔ + ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯀꯦ.’꯫
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ	ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯒꯥ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫	ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯟꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯏ꯫
ꯐꯦꯖ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ .	ꯐꯦꯖ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯤꯆꯨꯗ ꯑꯦꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯎꯠꯇꯦ꯫	ꯗꯤꯐꯤꯅꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯐꯦꯖ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯤꯠꯌꯨꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ꯫
ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯃꯆꯠ-ꯁꯥꯖꯠ	ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯣꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯗꯤꯁꯤꯞꯂꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫	ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯗꯤꯁꯤꯞꯂꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫

ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯃꯦꯖꯔꯃꯦꯟꯇ

ꯕꯦꯀꯑꯞ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯚꯥꯏꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯃꯦꯖꯔꯗꯥ ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯤꯑꯣꯀꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅꯥ ​​ꯌꯥꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯄꯤꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅꯥ ​​ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯤꯚꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ, ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯏ.ꯏ.꯱꯴꯹꯱-꯲꯰꯱꯲ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯏ.ꯏ.꯱꯱꯸꯸ꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫

IEE1491-2012ꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯥꯃꯤꯛ ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯖ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯄꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯄꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ, IEE1188 ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯍꯣꯜꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯒꯤ 20%ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯜꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯗꯤꯞ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫

ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯜꯂꯀꯄꯥ, ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯃꯥꯄꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯤꯛꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇꯦꯖ ꯁꯦꯝꯄꯂꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯤꯡ, ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯝꯞꯂꯤꯐꯥꯌꯥꯔ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯤꯜꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯅꯥ, ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯄꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯊꯥꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯱꯰꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯌꯨꯔꯦꯁꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ ꯱%ꯗꯒꯤ ꯲% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫

ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯀꯄꯗꯥ, ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯃꯦꯖꯔꯗꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯅꯤꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯌꯥꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯒꯥꯏꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯃꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯜꯂꯨ꯫ ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯟ..