Mu tekinologiya wa bbaatule ow'omulembe, tutera okusanga ekigambo 'okutebenkeza bbaatule.' Naye kitegeeza ki? Ekikolo ekivaako kiri mu nkola y’okukola n’ebintu ebikozesebwa mu bbaatule, ekivaako enjawulo wakati w’obutoffaali ssekinnoomu mu bbaatule. Enjawulo zino era zikwatibwako embeera bbaatule mwe zikola, gamba ng’ebbugumu n’obunnyogovu. Enkyukakyuka zino zitera okweyoleka ng’enjawulo mu vvulovumenti ya bbaatule. Okugatta ku ekyo, bbaatule mu butonde zifuna okwefulumya olw’okukutuka kw’ebintu ebikola okuva ku busannyalazo n’enjawulo y’obusobozi wakati w’obupande. Emiwendo gy’okwefulumya giyinza okwawukana mu bbaatule olw’enjawulo mu nkola y’okukola.
Kino ka tulage n’ekyokulabirako: Ka tugambe nti mu bbaatule, akasenge akamu kalina embeera ya chajingi (SOC) eya waggulu okusinga endala. Mu nkola y’okucaajinga, akatoffaali kano kajja kusooka kutuuka ku chajingi enzijuvu, ekivaako obutoffaali obulala obutannaba kucaajinga mu bujjuvu okulekera awo okucaajinga nga tebunnatuuka. Okwawukana ku ekyo, singa akatoffaali akamu kaba ne SOC eya wansi, kajja kusooka kutuuka ku vvulovumenti yaako ey’okusalako okufuluma mu kiseera ky’okufulumya, kireme obutoffaali obulala okufulumya mu bujjuvu amasoboza gaago agaterekeddwa.
Kino kiraga nti enjawulo wakati w’obutoffaali bwa bbaatule teziyinza kubuusibwa maaso. Okusinziira ku kutegeera kuno, obwetaavu bw’okutebenkeza bbaatule bubaawo. Tekinologiya w’okutebenkeza bbaatule agenderera okukendeeza oba okumalawo enjawulo wakati w’obutoffaali ssekinnoomu ng’ayita mu kuyingirira eby’ekikugu okulongoosa omulimu gwa bbaatule okutwalira awamu n’okwongera ku bulamu bwayo. Okutebenkeza bbaatule tekikoma ku kulongoosa bulungibwansi bwa bbaatule okutwalira awamu, naye era kyongera nnyo ku bulamu bwa bbaatule. N’olwekyo, okutegeera omusingi n’obukulu bw’okutebenkeza bbaatule kikulu nnyo mu kulongoosa enkozesa y’amasoboza.
Ennyonyola: Okugerageranya bbaatule kitegeeza okukozesa obukodyo n’enkola ezenjawulo okukakasa nti buli katoffaali ssekinnoomu mu bbaatule kakuuma vvulovumenti, obusobozi, n’embeera y’okukola nga tekyukakyuka. Enkola eno egendereddwamu okulongoosa omulimu gwa bbaatule n’okutumbula obulamu bwayo nga bayita mu kuyingirira eby’ekikugu.
Obukulu: Ekisooka, okutebenkeza bbaatule kuyinza okulongoosa ennyo omulimu gwa bbaatule yonna. Nga tukwataganya, okukendeera kw’emirimu okuva mu kwonooneka kw’obutoffaali ssekinnoomu kuyinza okwewalibwa. Ekirala, okutebenkeza kiyamba okwongera ku bulamu bwa bbaatule nga kikendeeza ku njawulo ya vvulovumenti n’obusobozi wakati w’obutoffaali n’okukendeeza ku buzito obw’omunda, ekiwangaaza obulungi obulamu bwa bbaatule. Ekisembayo, okusinziira ku ndowooza y’obukuumi, okussa mu nkola okutebenkeza bbaatule kiyinza okuziyiza okucaajinga ennyo oba okufulumya ennyo obutoffaali ssekinnoomu, okukendeeza ku bulabe obuyinza okubaawo mu by’okwerinda ng’okudduka olw’ebbugumu.
Okukola bbaatule: Okusobola okukola ku butakwatagana mu nkola wakati w’obutoffaali ssekinnoomu, abakola bbaatule abakulu buli kiseera bayiiya n’okulongoosa mu bintu nga okukola bbaatule, okukuŋŋaanya, okulonda ebintu, okufuga enkola y’okufulumya, n’okuddaabiriza. Kaweefube ono mulimu okulongoosa enkola y’obutoffaali, okulongoosa enkola ya pack, okutumbula enkola y’okufuga, okulonda obulungi ebintu ebisookerwako, okunyweza okulondoola okufulumya, n’okulongoosa embeera y’okutereka.
BMS (Battery Monitoring System) Balancing Function: Nga etereeza ensaasaanya y’amasoboza wakati w’obutoffaali ssekinnoomu, BMS ekendeeza ku butakwatagana era n’eyongera ku busobozi obukozesebwa n’obulamu bwa bbaatule. Waliwo enkola bbiri enkulu okutuuka ku balancing mu BMS: passive balancing ne active balancing.
Passive balancing, era emanyiddwa nga energy dissipation balancing, ekola nga efulumya amasoboza agasukkiridde okuva mu butoffaali obulina vvulovumenti oba obusobozi obusingako mu ngeri y’ebbugumu, bwe kityo ne kikendeeza ku vvulovumenti yaago n’obusobozi okukwatagana n’obutoffaali obulala. Enkola eno okusinga yeesigamye ku parallel resistors eziyungiddwa ku butoffaali ssekinnoomu okusobola okukyusa amasoboza agasukkiridde.
Akatoffaali bwe kaba n’ekisannyalazo ekinene okusinga ebirala, amasoboza agasukkiridde gasaasaanyizibwa okuyita mu kiziyiza ekifaanana, ne kituuka ku bbalansi n’obutoffaali obulala. Olw’obwangu bwayo n’omuwendo omutono, passive balancing ekozesebwa nnyo mu nkola za bbaatule ez’enjawulo. Naye kirina ekizibu ky’okufiirwa amasoboza okw’amaanyi, kubanga amasoboza gasaasaanyizibwa ng’ebbugumu okusinga okukozesebwa obulungi. Bayinginiya batera okussa ekkomo ku masanyalaze ga balancing ku ddaala erya wansi (around 100mA). Okusobola okwanguyiza ensengeka, enkola y’okutebenkeza egabana waya y’emu n’enkola y’okukung’aanya, era zombi zikola nga zikyukakyuka. Wadde nga dizayini eno ekendeeza ku buzibu bw’enkola n’omuwendo, era evaamu obulungi bw’okutebenkeza obutono n’ekiseera ekiwanvu okutuuka ku bivaamu ebirabika. Waliwo ebika bibiri ebikulu ebya passive balancing: fixed shunt resistors ne switched shunt resistors. Eky’olubereberye kiyunga shunt etali ya kukyukakyuka okuziyiza okucaajinga ennyo, ate eky’okubiri kifuga bulungi switching okusaasaanya amaanyi agasukkiridde.
Ate okutebenkeza (active balancing) nkola ya kuddukanya amaanyi mu ngeri ennungi. Mu kifo ky’okusaasaanya amasoboza agasukkiridde, ekyusa amasoboza okuva mu butoffaali obulina obusobozi obw’amaanyi okudda mu butoffaali obulina obusobozi obutono nga ekozesa nkulungo ezikoleddwa mu ngeri ey’enjawulo ezirimu ebitundu nga inductors, capacitors, ne transformers. Kino tekikoma ku kugeraageranya vvulovumenti wakati w’obutoffaali wabula era kyongera ku muwendo gw’enkozesa y’amasoboza okutwalira awamu.
Okugeza, mu kiseera ky’okucaajinga, akatoffaali bwe katuuka ku kkomo lya vvulovumenti yaako eya waggulu, BMS ekola enkola y’okutebenkeza (active balancing mechanism). Kizuula obutoffaali obulina obusobozi obutono ennyo era ne kikyusa amasoboza okuva mu katoffaali ka vvulovumenti ennene okudda mu butoffaali buno obwa vvulovumenti entono okuyita mu nkulungo ya balansi eyategekebwa obulungi. Enkola eno ntuufu ate nga nnungi, okutumbula nnyo omulimu gwa bbaatule.
Bombi passive ne active balancing bakola emirimu emikulu mu kwongera ku busobozi obukozesebwa obwa battery pack, okwongera ku bulamu bwayo, n’okulongoosa enkola okutwalira awamu efficiency.
Bwe tugeraageranya tekinologiya ow’okutebenkeza (passive ne active balancing technologies), kyeyoleka bulungi nti zaawukana nnyo mu ndowooza yaabwe ey’okukola dizayini n’okutuukiriza. Active balancing etera okuzingiramu enkola enzibu okubala omuwendo gwennyini ogw’amasoboza okutambuza, ate passive balancing yeesigamye nnyo ku kufuga obulungi obudde bw’emirimu gya switch okusaasaanya amasoboza agasukkiridde.
Mu nkola yonna ey’okutebenkeza, enkola eno erondoola buli kiseera enkyukakyuka mu bipimo bya buli katoffaali okukakasa nti emirimu gy’okutebenkeza tegikoma ku kukola bulungi wabula era tegirina bulabe. Enjawulo wakati w’obutoffaali bwe zimala okugwa mu bbanga erikkirizibwa eryategekebwa edda, enkola ejja kumaliriza omulimu gw’okutebenkeza.
Nga olonda n’obwegendereza enkola entuufu ey’okutebenkeza, okufuga ennyo sipiidi y’okutebenkeza ne diguli, n’okuddukanya obulungi ebbugumu erikolebwa mu nkola y’okutebenkeza, omulimu n’obulamu bwa bbaatule bisobola okulongoosebwa ennyo.
